Neuropeptide Y

Early human Neuroprotection 3 sources

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Research indicates it plays a crucial role in stress regulation, anxiety reduction, and energy homeostasis, showing significant potential as a therapeutic for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety disorders.

01Dosing reference

Amount

Up to 9.6 mg (in clinical trial settings)

Frequency

Single dose or as directed in study protocols

Cycle

Not established for general use; currently limited to acute investigational settings

Reference figures, not a recommendationThese values reflect amounts described in the literature and vendor documentation this database indexes. Use the reconstitution calculator to convert them into syringe units.

02Mechanism of action

Receptor Binding

NPY binds to various G-protein-coupled receptors (Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5, and Y6) in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Neurotransmitter Modulation

It modulates the release of neurotransmitters, particularly reducing the activity of inhibitory GABA neurons and regulating noradrenergic neurotransmission.

Stress Response Attenuation

This modulation leads to anxiolytic effects, promoting resilience to stress and potentially mitigating symptoms of PTSD.

03Human evidence

A single intranasal dose of NPY is well tolerated up to 9.6 mg and may be associated with anxiolytic effects.

A randomized dose-ranging study in patients with PTSD.

NPY levels are often found to be reduced in individuals with PTSD, suggesting its role in stress resilience.

Observational studies comparing PTSD patients to healthy controls.

04Preclinical evidence

Intranasal NPY infusion attenuates the development of PTSD-like symptoms to traumatic stress.

Rodent models of single prolonged stress (SPS).

Altered amygdalar NPY expression significantly impacts anxiety-related behaviors.

Animal models of anxiety using viral vector-mediated gene transfer.

05What is known vs. unknown

Reasonably established

NPY is one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the mammalian brain.
It exhibits potent anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) properties and promotes stress resilience.
NPY is involved in regulating energy balance, food intake, and circadian rhythms.
Intranasal administration is a primary route of investigation for central nervous system delivery.

Unknowns & limits

The long-term safety and efficacy of repeated NPY administration in humans remain largely unknown.
Optimal dosing protocols and the specific receptor subtypes most responsible for its therapeutic effects require further elucidation.

06Safety & regulatory context

Regulatory statusNeuropeptide Y is currently an investigational compound and is not FDA-approved for the treatment of any medical condition. In early human trials, single intranasal doses up to 9.6 mg have been well tolerated without severe adverse effects. However, due to its widespread distribution and involvement in numerous physiological processes, potential side effects could include cardiovascular changes, alterations in appetite, and sedation. Further extensive clinical trials are necessary to establish a comprehensive safety profile.

07Compared with Selank

Neuropeptide Y vs. Selank

Key difference

While both are investigated for anxiolytic effects, NPY is an endogenous 36-amino acid peptide directly involved in the body's natural stress response, whereas Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide analog of the immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin.

When researchers discuss each

Researchers discuss NPY when focusing on endogenous mechanisms of stress resilience and PTSD pathophysiology, while Selank is often discussed in the context of synthetic nootropics and anxiolytics.

08Glossary

Anxiolytic

A substance that reduces anxiety.

Endogenous

Originating or produced within an organism or one of its parts.

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

A large family of cell surface receptors that respond to a variety of external signals.

09Knowledge check

Q1What is the primary physiological effect of Neuropeptide Y in the context of stress?

Q2Which route of administration is commonly investigated for delivering Neuropeptide Y to the central nervous system in clinical trials?

Q3Which statement accurately reflects a documented limitation in the current clinical knowledge about Neuropeptide Y (NPY)?

Q4According to the dossier's comparison, what is a key difference between NPY and Selank?

Q5Which summary best reflects the regulatory and short-term safety information about NPY provided in the dossier?

10Sources

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5-50 mL per day depending on the severity of the condition (e.g., 5 mL IM for mild cognitive issues, up to 50 mL IV for acute stroke)

Pinealon

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1-2 mg per day (SubQ) or 10-20 mg per day (Oral)

ARA-290 (Cibinetide)

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ARA-290, also known as Cibinetide, is an engineered peptide derived from erythropoietin (EPO) that selectively activates the innate repair receptor (IRR) without stimulating red blood cell production. Research has primarily focused on its potential to reduce inflammation, promote tissue repair, and alleviate neuropathic pain, particularly in conditions like sarcoidosis and diabetic neuropathy.

4 mg/day

Research and educational use onlyNothing on this site is medical advice, a prescription, or a recommendation for human use. Compounds documented here are research chemicals. Consult a qualified clinician before making any health decision.